In his talk (at 21:57), Brendt Wholberg illustrates the distinction between Convolutional Dictionary Learning (CDL) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) with the following slide:
Slide from Brendt Wholberg's talk on Convolutional Sparse Representations for Imaging Inverse Problems at NC state ECE 2018.
In CDL, the filters are convolved with code vectors to represent the input signal, akin to a deconvolutional network that provides a translation-invariant sparse representation.
On the other hand, in CNNs, filters are convolved with the input signal (such as an image) to generate a feature representation.